import sys import warnings from ctypes import CFUNCTYPE, byref, c_void_p, c_int, c_ubyte, c_bool, c_uint32, c_uint64 import pyglet from pyglet.event import EventDispatcher from pyglet.input.base import Device, AbsoluteAxis, RelativeAxis, Button from pyglet.input.base import Joystick, Controller, AppleRemote, ControllerManager from pyglet.input.controller import get_mapping, create_guid from pyglet.libs.darwin.cocoapy import CFSTR, CFIndex, CFTypeID, known_cftypes from pyglet.libs.darwin.cocoapy import kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, CFAllocatorRef, cf from pyglet.libs.darwin.cocoapy import cfset_to_set, cftype_to_value, cfarray_to_list __LP64__ = (sys.maxsize > 2 ** 32) # Uses the HID API introduced in Mac OS X version 10.5 # http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#technotes/tn2007/tn2187.html iokit = pyglet.lib.load_library(framework='IOKit') # IOKit constants from # /System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Headers/hid/IOHIDKeys.h kIOHIDOptionsTypeNone = 0x00 kIOHIDOptionsTypeSeizeDevice = 0x01 kIOHIDElementTypeInput_Misc = 1 kIOHIDElementTypeInput_Button = 2 kIOHIDElementTypeInput_Axis = 3 kIOHIDElementTypeInput_ScanCodes = 4 kIOHIDElementTypeOutput = 129 kIOHIDElementTypeFeature = 257 kIOHIDElementTypeCollection = 513 # /System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Headers/hid/IOHIDUsageTables.h kHIDPage_GenericDesktop = 0x01 kHIDPage_Consumer = 0x0C kHIDUsage_GD_SystemSleep = 0x82 kHIDUsage_GD_SystemWakeUp = 0x83 kHIDUsage_GD_SystemAppMenu = 0x86 kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenu = 0x89 kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenuRight = 0x8A kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenuLeft = 0x8B kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenuUp = 0x8C kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenuDown = 0x8D kHIDUsage_Csmr_Menu = 0x40 kHIDUsage_Csmr_FastForward = 0xB3 kHIDUsage_Csmr_Rewind = 0xB4 kHIDUsage_Csmr_Eject = 0xB8 kHIDUsage_Csmr_Mute = 0xE2 kHIDUsage_Csmr_VolumeIncrement = 0xE9 kHIDUsage_Csmr_VolumeDecrement = 0xEA IOReturn = c_int # IOReturn.h IOOptionBits = c_uint32 # IOTypes.h # IOHIDKeys.h IOHIDElementType = c_int IOHIDElementCollectionType = c_int IOHIDElementCookie = c_uint32 if __LP64__ else c_void_p iokit.IOHIDDeviceClose.restype = IOReturn iokit.IOHIDDeviceClose.argtypes = [c_void_p, IOOptionBits] iokit.IOHIDDeviceConformsTo.restype = c_ubyte iokit.IOHIDDeviceConformsTo.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_uint32, c_uint32] iokit.IOHIDDeviceCopyMatchingElements.restype = c_void_p iokit.IOHIDDeviceCopyMatchingElements.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, IOOptionBits] iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetProperty.restype = c_void_p iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetProperty.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetTypeID.argtypes = [] iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetValue.restype = IOReturn iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetValue.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDDeviceOpen.restype = IOReturn iokit.IOHIDDeviceOpen.argtypes = [c_void_p, IOOptionBits] iokit.IOHIDDeviceRegisterInputValueCallback.restype = None iokit.IOHIDDeviceRegisterInputValueCallback.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDDeviceScheduleWithRunLoop.restype = None iokit.IOHIDDeviceScheduleWithRunLoop.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDDeviceUnscheduleFromRunLoop.restype = None iokit.IOHIDDeviceUnscheduleFromRunLoop.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetCollectionType.restype = IOHIDElementCollectionType iokit.IOHIDElementGetCollectionType.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetCookie.restype = IOHIDElementCookie iokit.IOHIDElementGetCookie.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetLogicalMax.restype = CFIndex iokit.IOHIDElementGetLogicalMax.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetLogicalMin.restype = CFIndex iokit.IOHIDElementGetLogicalMin.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetName.restype = c_void_p iokit.IOHIDElementGetName.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetPhysicalMax.restype = CFIndex iokit.IOHIDElementGetPhysicalMax.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetPhysicalMin.restype = CFIndex iokit.IOHIDElementGetPhysicalMin.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportCount.restype = c_uint32 iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportCount.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportID.restype = c_uint32 iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportID.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportSize.restype = c_uint32 iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportSize.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetType.restype = IOHIDElementType iokit.IOHIDElementGetType.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID iokit.IOHIDElementGetTypeID.argtypes = [] iokit.IOHIDElementGetUnit.restype = c_uint32 iokit.IOHIDElementGetUnit.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetUnitExponent.restype = c_uint32 iokit.IOHIDElementGetUnitExponent.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetUsage.restype = c_uint32 iokit.IOHIDElementGetUsage.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementGetUsagePage.restype = c_uint32 iokit.IOHIDElementGetUsagePage.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementHasNullState.restype = c_bool iokit.IOHIDElementHasNullState.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementHasPreferredState.restype = c_bool iokit.IOHIDElementHasPreferredState.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementIsArray.restype = c_bool iokit.IOHIDElementIsArray.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementIsNonLinear.restype = c_bool iokit.IOHIDElementIsNonLinear.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementIsRelative.restype = c_bool iokit.IOHIDElementIsRelative.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementIsVirtual.restype = c_bool iokit.IOHIDElementIsVirtual.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDElementIsWrapping.restype = c_bool iokit.IOHIDElementIsWrapping.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDManagerCreate.restype = c_void_p iokit.IOHIDManagerCreate.argtypes = [CFAllocatorRef, IOOptionBits] iokit.IOHIDManagerCopyDevices.restype = c_void_p iokit.IOHIDManagerCopyDevices.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDManagerRegisterDeviceMatchingCallback.restype = None iokit.IOHIDManagerRegisterDeviceMatchingCallback.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDManagerRegisterDeviceRemovalCallback.restype = None iokit.IOHIDManagerRegisterDeviceRemovalCallback.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDManagerScheduleWithRunLoop.restype = c_void_p iokit.IOHIDManagerScheduleWithRunLoop.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDManagerSetDeviceMatching.restype = None iokit.IOHIDManagerSetDeviceMatching.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDValueGetElement.restype = c_void_p iokit.IOHIDValueGetElement.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDValueGetIntegerValue.restype = CFIndex iokit.IOHIDValueGetIntegerValue.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDValueGetLength.restype = CFIndex iokit.IOHIDValueGetLength.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDValueGetTimeStamp.restype = c_uint64 iokit.IOHIDValueGetTimeStamp.argtypes = [c_void_p] iokit.IOHIDValueGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID iokit.IOHIDValueGetTypeID.argtypes = [] # Callback function types HIDManagerCallback = CFUNCTYPE(None, c_void_p, c_int, c_void_p, c_void_p) HIDDeviceCallback = CFUNCTYPE(None, c_void_p, c_int, c_void_p) HIDDeviceValueCallback = CFUNCTYPE(None, c_void_p, c_int, c_void_p, c_void_p) ###################################################################### # HID Class Wrappers # Lookup tables cache python objects for the devices and elements so that # we can avoid creating multiple wrapper objects for the same device. _device_lookup = {} # IOHIDDeviceRef to python HIDDevice object class HIDValue: def __init__(self, value_ref): # Check that this is a valid IOHIDValue. assert value_ref assert cf.CFGetTypeID(value_ref) == iokit.IOHIDValueGetTypeID() self.value_ref = value_ref self.timestamp = iokit.IOHIDValueGetTimeStamp(value_ref) self.length = iokit.IOHIDValueGetLength(value_ref) if self.length <= 4: self.intvalue = iokit.IOHIDValueGetIntegerValue(value_ref) else: # Values may be byte data rather than integers. # e.g. the PS3 controller has a 39-byte HIDValue element. # We currently do not try to handle these cases. self.intvalue = None element_ref = c_void_p(iokit.IOHIDValueGetElement(value_ref)) self.element = HIDDeviceElement.get_element(element_ref) class HIDDevice: @classmethod def get_device(cls, device_ref): # device_ref is a c_void_p pointing to an IOHIDDeviceRef if device_ref.value in _device_lookup: return _device_lookup[device_ref.value] else: device = HIDDevice(device_ref) return device def __init__(self, device_ref): _device_lookup[device_ref.value] = self self.device_ref = device_ref # Set attributes from device properties. self.transport = self.get_property("Transport") self.vendorID = self.get_property("VendorID") self.vendorIDSource = self.get_property("VendorIDSource") self.productID = self.get_property("ProductID") self.versionNumber = self.get_property("VersionNumber") self.manufacturer = self.get_property("Manufacturer") self.product = self.get_property("Product") self.serialNumber = self.get_property("SerialNumber") # always returns None; apple bug? self.locationID = self.get_property("LocationID") self.primaryUsage = self.get_property("PrimaryUsage") self.primaryUsagePage = self.get_property("PrimaryUsagePage") # Populate self.elements with our device elements. self.elements = self._get_elements() # Set up callback functions. self.value_observers = set() self.value_callback = self._register_input_value_callback() def get_guid(self): """Generate an SDL2 style GUID from the product guid.""" # TODO: in what situation should 0x05 be used? # 0x03: USB # 0x05: Bluetooth bustype = 0x03 vendor = self.vendorID or 0 product = self.productID or 0 version = self.versionNumber or 0 name = self.product or "" return create_guid(bustype, vendor, product, version, name, 0, 0) def get_property(self, name): cfname = CFSTR(name) cfvalue = c_void_p(iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetProperty(self.device_ref, cfname)) cf.CFRelease(cfname) return cftype_to_value(cfvalue) def open(self, exclusive_mode=False): if exclusive_mode: options = kIOHIDOptionsTypeSeizeDevice else: options = kIOHIDOptionsTypeNone return bool(iokit.IOHIDDeviceOpen(self.device_ref, options)) def close(self): return bool(iokit.IOHIDDeviceClose(self.device_ref, kIOHIDOptionsTypeNone)) def schedule_with_run_loop(self): iokit.IOHIDDeviceScheduleWithRunLoop( self.device_ref, c_void_p(cf.CFRunLoopGetCurrent()), kCFRunLoopDefaultMode) def unschedule_from_run_loop(self): iokit.IOHIDDeviceUnscheduleFromRunLoop( self.device_ref, c_void_p(cf.CFRunLoopGetCurrent()), kCFRunLoopDefaultMode) def _get_elements(self): cfarray = c_void_p(iokit.IOHIDDeviceCopyMatchingElements(self.device_ref, None, 0)) if not cfarray: # requires "Security & Privacy / Input Monitoring", see #95 return [] elements = cfarray_to_list(cfarray) cf.CFRelease(cfarray) return elements # Page and usage IDs are from the HID usage tables located at # https://usb.org/sites/default/files/hut1_3_0.pdf def conforms_to(self, page, usage): return bool(iokit.IOHIDDeviceConformsTo(self.device_ref, page, usage)) def is_pointer(self): return self.conforms_to(0x01, 0x01) def is_mouse(self): return self.conforms_to(0x01, 0x02) def is_joystick(self): return self.conforms_to(0x01, 0x04) def is_gamepad(self): return self.conforms_to(0x01, 0x05) def is_keyboard(self): return self.conforms_to(0x01, 0x06) def is_keypad(self): return self.conforms_to(0x01, 0x07) def is_multi_axis(self): return self.conforms_to(0x01, 0x08) def py_value_callback(self, context, result, sender, value): v = HIDValue(c_void_p(value)) # Dispatch value changed message to all observers. for x in self.value_observers: if hasattr(x, 'device_value_changed'): x.device_value_changed(self, v) def _register_input_value_callback(self): value_callback = HIDDeviceValueCallback(self.py_value_callback) iokit.IOHIDDeviceRegisterInputValueCallback(self.device_ref, value_callback, None) return value_callback def add_value_observer(self, observer): self.value_observers.add(observer) def get_value(self, element): # If the device is not open, then returns None value_ref = c_void_p() iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetValue(self.device_ref, element.element_ref, byref(value_ref)) if value_ref: return HIDValue(value_ref) else: return None def __repr__(self): return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(name={self.product})" class HIDDeviceElement: @classmethod def get_element(cls, element_ref): # element_ref is a c_void_p pointing to an IOHIDDeviceElementRef return HIDDeviceElement(element_ref) def __init__(self, element_ref): self.element_ref = element_ref # Set element properties as attributes. self.cookie = iokit.IOHIDElementGetCookie(element_ref) self.type = iokit.IOHIDElementGetType(element_ref) if self.type == kIOHIDElementTypeCollection: self.collectionType = iokit.IOHIDElementGetCollectionType(element_ref) else: self.collectionType = None self.usagePage = iokit.IOHIDElementGetUsagePage(element_ref) self.usage = iokit.IOHIDElementGetUsage(element_ref) self.isVirtual = bool(iokit.IOHIDElementIsVirtual(element_ref)) self.isRelative = bool(iokit.IOHIDElementIsRelative(element_ref)) self.isWrapping = bool(iokit.IOHIDElementIsWrapping(element_ref)) self.isArray = bool(iokit.IOHIDElementIsArray(element_ref)) self.isNonLinear = bool(iokit.IOHIDElementIsNonLinear(element_ref)) self.hasPreferredState = bool(iokit.IOHIDElementHasPreferredState(element_ref)) self.hasNullState = bool(iokit.IOHIDElementHasNullState(element_ref)) self.name = cftype_to_value(iokit.IOHIDElementGetName(element_ref)) self.reportID = iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportID(element_ref) self.reportSize = iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportSize(element_ref) self.reportCount = iokit.IOHIDElementGetReportCount(element_ref) self.unit = iokit.IOHIDElementGetUnit(element_ref) self.unitExponent = iokit.IOHIDElementGetUnitExponent(element_ref) self.logicalMin = iokit.IOHIDElementGetLogicalMin(element_ref) self.logicalMax = iokit.IOHIDElementGetLogicalMax(element_ref) self.physicalMin = iokit.IOHIDElementGetPhysicalMin(element_ref) self.physicalMax = iokit.IOHIDElementGetPhysicalMax(element_ref) class HIDManager(EventDispatcher): def __init__(self): """Create an instance of an HIDManager.""" self.manager_ref = c_void_p(iokit.IOHIDManagerCreate(None, kIOHIDOptionsTypeNone)) self.schedule_with_run_loop() self.devices = self._get_devices() self.matching_callback = self._register_matching_callback() self.removal_callback = self._register_removal_callback() def _get_devices(self): try: # Tell manager that we are willing to match *any* device. # (Alternatively, we could restrict by device usage, or usage page.) iokit.IOHIDManagerSetDeviceMatching(self.manager_ref, None) # Copy the device set and convert it to python. cfset = c_void_p(iokit.IOHIDManagerCopyDevices(self.manager_ref)) devices = cfset_to_set(cfset) cf.CFRelease(cfset) except: return set() return devices def open(self): iokit.IOHIDManagerOpen(self.manager_ref, kIOHIDOptionsTypeNone) def close(self): iokit.IOHIDManagerClose(self.manager_ref, kIOHIDOptionsTypeNone) def schedule_with_run_loop(self): iokit.IOHIDManagerScheduleWithRunLoop( self.manager_ref, c_void_p(cf.CFRunLoopGetCurrent()), kCFRunLoopDefaultMode) def unschedule_from_run_loop(self): iokit.IOHIDManagerUnscheduleFromRunLoop( self.manager_ref, c_void_p(cf.CFRunLoopGetCurrent()), kCFRunLoopDefaultMode) # Device add/remove callbacks: def _py_matching_callback(self, context, result, sender, device): d = HIDDevice.get_device(c_void_p(device)) if d not in self.devices: self.devices.add(d) self.dispatch_event("on_connect", d) def _register_matching_callback(self): matching_callback = HIDManagerCallback(self._py_matching_callback) iokit.IOHIDManagerRegisterDeviceMatchingCallback(self.manager_ref, matching_callback, None) return matching_callback def _py_removal_callback(self, context, result, sender, device): d = HIDDevice.get_device(c_void_p(device)) d.close() if d in self.devices: self.devices.remove(d) self.dispatch_event("on_disconnect", d) def _register_removal_callback(self): removal_callback = HIDManagerCallback(self._py_removal_callback) iokit.IOHIDManagerRegisterDeviceRemovalCallback(self.manager_ref, removal_callback, None) return removal_callback HIDManager.register_event_type('on_connect') HIDManager.register_event_type('on_disconnect') ###################################################################### # Add conversion methods for IOHIDDevices and IOHIDDeviceElements # to the list of known types used by cftype_to_value. known_cftypes[iokit.IOHIDDeviceGetTypeID()] = HIDDevice.get_device known_cftypes[iokit.IOHIDElementGetTypeID()] = HIDDeviceElement.get_element ###################################################################### # Pyglet interface to HID _axis_names = { (0x01, 0x30): 'x', (0x01, 0x31): 'y', (0x01, 0x32): 'z', (0x01, 0x33): 'rx', (0x02, 0xc4): 'rx', (0x01, 0x34): 'ry', (0x02, 0xc5): 'ry', (0x01, 0x35): 'rz', (0x01, 0x38): 'wheel', (0x01, 0x39): 'hat', } _button_names = { (kHIDPage_GenericDesktop, kHIDUsage_GD_SystemSleep): 'sleep', (kHIDPage_GenericDesktop, kHIDUsage_GD_SystemWakeUp): 'wakeup', (kHIDPage_GenericDesktop, kHIDUsage_GD_SystemAppMenu): 'menu', (kHIDPage_GenericDesktop, kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenu): 'select', (kHIDPage_GenericDesktop, kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenuRight): 'right', (kHIDPage_GenericDesktop, kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenuLeft): 'left', (kHIDPage_GenericDesktop, kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenuUp): 'up', (kHIDPage_GenericDesktop, kHIDUsage_GD_SystemMenuDown): 'down', (kHIDPage_Consumer, kHIDUsage_Csmr_FastForward): 'right_hold', (kHIDPage_Consumer, kHIDUsage_Csmr_Rewind): 'left_hold', (kHIDPage_Consumer, kHIDUsage_Csmr_Menu): 'menu_hold', (0xff01, 0x23): 'select_hold', (kHIDPage_Consumer, kHIDUsage_Csmr_Eject): 'eject', (kHIDPage_Consumer, kHIDUsage_Csmr_Mute): 'mute', (kHIDPage_Consumer, kHIDUsage_Csmr_VolumeIncrement): 'volume_up', (kHIDPage_Consumer, kHIDUsage_Csmr_VolumeDecrement): 'volume_down' } class PygletDevice(Device): def __init__(self, display, device): super().__init__(display=display, name=device.product) self.device = device self.device.add_value_observer(self) self._create_controls() def open(self, window=None, exclusive=False): super().open(window, exclusive) self.device.open(exclusive) self._set_initial_control_values() def close(self): super().close() self.device.close() def get_controls(self): return list(self._controls.values()) def get_guid(self): return self.device.get_guid() def device_value_changed(self, hid_device, hid_value): # Called by device when input value changes. control = self._controls[hid_value.element.cookie] control.value = hid_value.intvalue def _create_controls(self): controls = [] for element in self.device.elements: raw_name = element.name or '0x%x:%x' % (element.usagePage, element.usage) if element.type in (kIOHIDElementTypeInput_Misc, kIOHIDElementTypeInput_Axis): name = _axis_names.get((element.usagePage, element.usage)) if element.isRelative: control = RelativeAxis(name, raw_name) else: control = AbsoluteAxis(name, element.logicalMin, element.logicalMax, raw_name) elif element.type == kIOHIDElementTypeInput_Button: name = _button_names.get((element.usagePage, element.usage)) control = Button(name, raw_name) else: continue control._cookie = element.cookie control._usage = element.usage controls.append(control) controls.sort(key=lambda c: c._usage) self._controls = {control._cookie: control for control in controls} def _set_initial_control_values(self): # Must be called AFTER the device has been opened. for element in self.device.elements: if element.cookie in self._controls: control = self._controls[element.cookie] hid_value = self.device.get_value(element) if hid_value: control.value = hid_value.intvalue def __repr__(self): return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.device})" ###################################################################### _hid_manager = HIDManager() class DarwinControllerManager(ControllerManager): def __init__(self, display=None): self._controllers = {} for device in _hid_manager.devices: if controller := _create_controller(device, display): self._controllers[device] = controller @_hid_manager.event def on_connect(hiddevice): if _controller := _create_controller(hiddevice, display): self._controllers[hiddevice] = _controller pyglet.app.platform_event_loop.post_event(self, 'on_connect', _controller) @_hid_manager.event def on_disconnect(hiddevice): if hiddevice in self._controllers: _controller = self._controllers[hiddevice] del self._controllers[hiddevice] pyglet.app.platform_event_loop.post_event(self, 'on_disconnect', _controller) def get_controllers(self): return list(self._controllers.values()) def get_devices(display=None): return [PygletDevice(display, device) for device in _hid_manager.devices] def get_joysticks(display=None): return [Joystick(PygletDevice(display, device)) for device in _hid_manager.devices if device.is_joystick() or device.is_gamepad() or device.is_multi_axis()] def get_apple_remote(display=None): for device in _hid_manager.devices: if device.product == 'Apple IR': return AppleRemote(PygletDevice(display, device)) def _create_controller(device, display): if not device.transport or not device.transport.upper() in ('USB', 'BLUETOOTH', 'BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY'): return if device.is_joystick() or device.is_gamepad() or device.is_multi_axis(): if mapping := get_mapping(device.get_guid()): return Controller(PygletDevice(display, device), mapping) else: warnings.warn(f"Warning: {device} (GUID: {device.get_guid()}) " f"has no controller mappings. Update the mappings in the Controller DB.") def get_controllers(display=None): return [controller for controller in [_create_controller(device, display) for device in _hid_manager.devices if device.is_joystick() or device.is_gamepad() or device.is_multi_axis()] if controller is not None]